As we will see, staggeringly high rates of youth unemployment and economic inactivity can happen in both emerging and advanced countries

South Africa has the world’s highest recorded youth unemployment rate. On some estimates, if you added discouraged youth the unemployment rate jumps to over 70%. Note the exceptionally low labour market participation rate in Palestine, one of the lowest in the world – less than half of the population of working age are active in their labour market.

Very high rates of youth unemployment have afflicted southern European countries such as Greece, Spain and Italy - leading in all three cases to a brain drain effect as young people move to a new country in search of work and income.

Even in China, the UK and India when official unemployment rates are low, the youth unemployment rate remains above ten per cent. Youth unemployment is a structural economic problem that holds back economic growth and development.

On average, the lower a country’s human development, the larger the gap in access to education. For low and very high human development countries the gaps in enrolment ratios range from 20 points for primary education to 58 points for secondary and tertiary education to 61 points for pre-primary education.

Some causes of high youth unemployment in emerging countries

• Human capital deficiencies (skills, qualifications, experience)
• Employer discrimination / information failure
• Cultural and social factors holding back the acquisition of human capital
• Rapid population growth – many new entrants into the labour market every year because of a young median age and rapid natural population growth
• Economy simply not creating enough new jobs for an expanding workforce
• Limited government funding for training, enterprise start-ups