When the McPherson Report concluded its investigation into the police inquiry into the murder of Stephen Lawrence (the murder occurred in 1993, the report concluded in 1999) it reached the shocking conclusion that the Metropolitan Police was institutionally racist. What it meant by this was that problems with racism in the police were not just the product of a "few bad apples" but that the institution itself – its policies and procedures – were themselves racist. It precipitated a sea change in equality legislation and policy: organisations now have to measure the impact of all their policies and procedures on specific groups with protected characteristics.