Major shocks to social and economic systems ruthlessly expose weaknesses which can be contained in more normal times. When the price of oil quadrupled in 1973/74, the different levels of resilience in the labour markets of Western Europe were quickly revealed. Inflation initially rose sharply everywhere. By 1976, it had fallen to 4 per cent in Germany, but was still 14 per cent in the UK. German workers realised that the oil price rise was out of the control of their own government. Demanding bigger money wage increases would be self defeating. It took the deep recession of the early 1980s, when unemployment rose to 3 million, and the defeat of the miners to bring British inflation back under control.