To drive the economy out of recession requires extra demand but where is this demand coming from? Cuts in interest rates and a big fiscal stimulus in many countries (notably China and the United States) has helped to cushion the scale of the slump but sometimes despite tentative signs of green shoots, an economy can go into the second stage of a downturn, this is known as a double-dip recession. This can happen if the initial ‘kick’ of the fiscal and monetary stimulus starts to wear off.

This Newsnight video report by Paul Mason (recently returned from a lengthy period analysing the Chinese economy) features Martin Weale, Director of the NIESR and my old tutor at Cambridge who argues that Britain will have to get used to being 3 or 4 per cent poorer and expect a deterioration in public services with government spending cuts inevitable in the coming years.

There are signs that borrowing costs are starting to rise, particularly mortgage costs and loan and overdraft charges for businesses. This may undermine confidence and engender any green shoots.