Warning - Businesses at Risk from Economic Recovery
An excellent recent article in the ACCA magazine examines an interesting phenomenon - more businesses collapse at the beginning of a recovery than during the depths of a recession. Its all to do with working capital…
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Global food prices and the terms of trade
Agflation refers to a sustained increase in the general price of foodstuffs and in recent years we have become accustomed to seeing the prices of many basic staple products rising. The era of cheap food looks to be over for now on the back of significant demand-side factors, not least rising population levels, higher per capita incomes and speculative demand for foods as prices have become more volatile. Supply-side factors are also important in explaining strong inflation in food prices. Both sides of the market are discussed by Ambrose Evans-Pritchard in his column in the Telegraph today “Food will never be so cheap again” - plenty of applied microeconomics here in addition to the huge number of macroeconomic issues that the trend rise in food prices has caused. One of the big changes in a switch in the terms of trade away from food importers towards food exporters. But do higher food prices necessarily cause agricultural supply to expand?
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Soaring cocoa prices as supply fails to keep pace with demand
There is an excellent article in the Times today about the surge in the world price of cocoa. Cocoa prices have hit a 30-year high as poor weather threatens to drive the price of chocolate up again for Western consumers. Cocoa has reached $3,412 a tonne in New York as concerns deepened about demand outstripping supply for the first time since 1968. This is a really good article to use to consolidate students’ understanding of how shifts in supply and demand can lead to price volatility. And also the importance of price elasticity of demand and supply in shaping price changes.
“The surge in price also indicates that cocoa is increasingly being used for financial investment rather than merely sold to industry”
* What factors are limiting cocoa supply?
* Why is demand from western economies rising - even though many are still in recession?
* Will cocoa farmersd necessarily gain from higher world prices?
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Taxing hot money - is Brazil getting it wrong?
Carl Mortished’s excellent world business briefing in the Times today covers developments in the Brazilian economy. Huge inflows of foreign direct investment have helped to drive their currency higher and the Brazilian Finance Ministry has responded with a 2 per cent capital tax on foreign ‘hot money’ inflows into stocks and bonds. The article suggests that Brazil might be better off in the long run by cutting import tariffs on capital goods thus reducing the price of imports of hi-tech machinery that will give her economy a major supply-side boost. In contrast to China, Brazil exports a relatively low percentage of her national output and it is largely self sufficient. The country has enjoyed a significant improvement in her terms of trade with strong world prices for many of her key exported commodites such as iron ore, coffee and orange juice. The boom in commodity exports has helped to increase the real purchasing power of millions of Brazil’s poorest people but a huge amount remains to be done and income and wealth inequalities are vast.
“Brazil is not China; it does not trade that much. Where China’s motor is manufacturing exports, Brazil is largely a self-sufficient economy, more like the United States, with a vast hinterland of eager, albeit poor, consumers.”
Racing in the Recession - The Going is Heavy
In the week of the Tattersalls October Yearling Sale, Tom Thomson-Jones looks at how the recession is affecting the horse-racing industry in the UK and finds that the downturn is showing through in falling prices for horse prices at the yearling sales. Declining prices have affected demand at slaughter houses and change the cost of inputs for glue factories - a good example of the inter-relationships between markets. The UK has sixty one tracks - how many will survive the recession?
read more...»Swine flu vaccines and elasticity of supply
The scale of the ordering of swine flu vaccinations by governments across the world is eye-wateringly large! GlaxoSmithKline plc - one of the world’s biggest pharma companies has reported that governments around the world have so far ordered 440 million doses of its pandemic swine-flu vaccine Pandemrix. GlaxoSmithKline has been engaged in a tense race to get new swine flu vaccines onto the market fighting the likes of Sanofi-Aventis, Novartis AG and AstraZeneca to win contracts for public health programmes. For students of the price mechanism it is a fascinating example of many supply and demand concepts at work:
The challenge of scaling up production to meet huge levels of demand - this has involved out-sourcing
The relative importance of fixed and variable costs in developing and manufacturing/distributing a new drug
The elasticity of supply of vaccines to meet short term health requirements
The oligopolistic race to win and protect market share
Economies of scale in production
The balance of power between the major buyers and the multinational drug suppliers
Price discrimination tactics
The Guardian reports that:
“The company makes the vaccine in Dresden and Quebec but the demand is so great – about 60% higher than for usual seasonal vaccines – that it is also outsourcing production to third-party manufacturers.”
According to the Wall Street Journal
“Glaxo hasn’t released information on cost per dose of the vaccine. However, Chief Executive Andrew Witty said in July that Glaxo was charging wealthy nations $10.26 per H1N1 vaccine shot and developing countries less. The drug maker is also donating 50 million doses to the World Health Organization.”
The Independent reports that
“The United States has begun a massive campaign aiming to vaccinate 250 million people against the illness by year’s end.”
And the Times reports that “total booked orders for the drug are worth about £2.2 billion — a significant sales and profit windfall as a result of the swine flu epidemic”
Explaining the Malthusian Trap
Dugie Young explores the idea of the Malthusian population trap. Is the prediction of Malthusian misery coming back into focus?
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Beijing worries that supply is outpacing demand
Not all investment contributes to growth - and in an economy where super-charged capital spending has been a driving force of economic expansion over several decades, there is always a risk that a country that invests over forty per cent of GDP on capital goods can eventually suffer an investment-led slump. Japan learned to her cost the dangers of being over-capitalised. Is China recognising the same symptoms in time? This article from the Times makes for fascinating reading.
“Beijing is eager to keep GDP growth above the level of 8 per cent supposedly required to maintain social stability and job creation. But there are fears that huge imbalances between production capacity and actual demand could lead to price wars, corporate failures and severe setbacks for the country’s stellar expansion trajectory.”
Read Beijing moves to halt growth as supply starts to outstrip demand
Ageing North Sea Gas fields increase import dependency
This article from the Times provides a timely reminder of the increasing importance of imported gas used in the gas-fired power stations that currently provide around a third of our electricity. Just a few years ago around 25% of gas was imported - now the figure is rising from countries such as Norway, Trinidad and Qatar.
“A spokesman for Centrica, owner of British Gas, said the UK’s ageing gas fields — many first tapped in the 1970s and 1980s — were no longer able to keep pace with domestic demand. “On the current trajectory we will have to import three quarters of our gas by 2015,” he said. Britain was still a net exporter of gas as recently as 2003 and was forced to import about 5 per cent of supplies in 2004 for the first time.”
The economy will become ever-more reliant on imports of liquified natural gas and sensitive to the impact of price volatility in the international gas markets. A gas cartel still looks a long way off, partly because most gas is traded on very long supply contracts and also because of the cost efficiency of transporting it and storing it around the world.
Britain was still a net exporter of gas in 2003, and was forced to import gas for the first time in 2004.
Are the Japanese the latest victims of a strengthening currency?
The Japanese Yen has hit an eight month high vs the US Dollar according to BBC news BBC News Article. This has prompted a lot of hand wringing from the Japanese ruling party and has sent share prices in Tokyo tumbling. But why should having a strong currency against the greenback equate to economic turmoil?
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