China bans its airlines from paying EU carbon tax
On 1st January this year, the EU introduced an Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) which levies a charge on flights in EU airspace based on carbon emissions. They estimate that this will add between 2 and 12 euros to flight tickets. Airlines are required to purchase emissions permits, like utilities and heavy industry in the EU, and airlines that do not comply face fines of 100 euros for each tonne of carbon dioxide emitted for which they have not surrendered allowances. In the case of persistent offenders, the EU has the right to ban airlines from its airports.
read more...»Unit 3 Micro: Video Resources on Carbon Taxation
The crucial issue of how best to tackle climate change and make significant progress towards a low-carbon economy is one that gives students tremendous opportunities to hone their analysis and evaluation skills. A few weeks ago the Australian government was successful in getting through the Senate proposals for a new carbon tax and in this blog we link to some excellent video reports on the background to this decision.
read more...»Unit 1 Micro: Winning the War on Deforestation
Justin Rowlatt from the BBC has been investigating some of the remarkable progress being made in controlling deforestation in Brazil. The battle focuses on an area known as the “arc of destruction” and the video reports here show the impact of a government making a clear commitment to tackling the issue and backing it up with force and with incentives.
read more...»Unit 3 Micro: Richard Wilkinson on Inequality and Economic Harm
I have been using this talk given at TED 2011 by Richard Wilkinson when teaching the topic of poverty and inequality and the risks that a growing chasm between low and high income groups can have for society and economic performance. Students and teachers familiar with the work of Pickett and Wilkinson and their recent book “The Spirit Level” will know well the approach that these authors take.
They use published data on inequality and link to wide differences in a range of economic and social outcomes. Their work has been criticised by many on the right, not least because their argument is strong and clear - namely that we need to reduce inequality to tackle some of society’s deepest and most corrosive problems.
read more...»RES Annual Essay Competition for Students 2012
The 2012 Royal Economic Society Essay Competition for students has been launched. Details below…
read more...»Unit 1 Micro: Can the UK Computer Games Industry Grow
Britain is one of the world’s biggest exporters of creative products - from live TV shows and music to books, arts, architecture and films the economy has built up an enviable global reputation for excellence and a growing trade surplus to aid our balance of payments.
Computer games falls squarely into this category but, according to TIGA - the trade association representing the UK’s games industry - unless there is renewed government support, the future of this sector is at risk. TIGA claims that the British games industry is suffering a significant ‘brain drain’ as talented programmers and artists leave the country to work abroad.
read more...»Unit 3 Micro: 3D Printing and a Manufacturing Revolution
Additive manufacturing or 3D printing is an emerging technology that takes product design data which provides a geometric representation of a product such as a pen and that data is then sent over to a machine that allows products to be manufactured ‘on the spot’ typically using additive materials in liquid or powder format.
This TED talk from Lisa Harouni (co-founder of Digital Forming) looks at examples of intricately designed products made using this new and increasingly affordable manufacturing technology. 3D machines can build structures, build replacement parts and parts within parts - the detailed resolution possible is incredible.
read more...»Video Resources on Rising Inequality
In this blog entry we will be bringing together some short video resources that might be useful when teaching and studying the economics of inequality. Please do add some more resources using the comment box at the bottom and we can add them to the listing.
read more...»Unit 3 Micro: The Economics of Solar Subsidies
This blog provides a link to a new prezi presentation on the economics of solar subsidies - I have been using it as part of my teaching on aspects of environmental economics for Unit 3 AQA but it might also be useful for unit 1 market failure. I have kept theoretical diagrams out of it and plan to build up relevant analytical concepts such as economies of scale, consumer subsidies, economic and social welfare, government failure et al on a normal whiteboard rather than embed them into the Prezi. I hope it is useful.
Follow the tags at the bottom of the blog entry for more recent articles on solar subsidies such as feed-in-tariffs and other environmental economic resources.
read more...»AS and A2 Economics Revision Workshops in Spring 2012 (update)
The dates for our popular Unit 2 & Unit 4 Economics revision workshops in Spring 2012 are now confirmed:
Provisional bookings for these revision workshops can now be made using the following form:
The dates and locations are shown below:
read more...»Unit 3 Micro: World’s Largest Solar Plant Opens
This autumn the world’s biggest solar plant power station opened in Spain. Comprising 600,000 parabolic mirrors, the Andasol 3 CSP plant is the size of 70 soccer fields and has 88km of piping. The economies of scale are huge and if solar power is going to work and be viable anywhere it is probably here or in North Africa.
read more...»Economics at the Movies - Foods that Make Billions
Here is a link to a you tube video from the BBC looking at the modern food business and the huge profits to be made from the breakfast cereal industry. Part of the series The Foods that Make Billions (cereals, bottled water and yoghurt)
The Foods That Make Billions - Cereals
Unit 3 Micro: Samsung and LG fined for price fixing
As A2 microeconomists approach their Unit 3 exam, they need to make sure they have good examples to support their analytical theory and should therefore be interested in the news from South Korea where the antitrust regulator has fined Samsung Electronics and LG Electronics for conspiring to fix the prices of some appliances.
The regulator said the two firms held secret meetings in 2008 and 2009 to agree on prices for washing machines, flat-panel TVs and laptop computers and has fined Samsung 25.8bn won, while LG was fined 18.8bn won. A nice relevant example of collusion, price fixing and the government’s response to this anti-competitive behaviour
Unit 3 Micro: Is Facebook’s Social Network Dominance Eroding?
There is a wealth of interesting market share data available from the latest edition of Experian Hitwise, the regular analysis of changing activity across different social networks. The big winner in the latest figures appears to be You Tube - which according to Experian had its biggest ever month of traffic as 606 million UK Internet visits went to the website in December 2011. YouTube now accounts for 1 in every 4 visits to a social network in the UK and 1 in every 30 visits online.
Facebook’s share of visits to social networks has declined from 58% in December 2010 to 51% in December 2011. Does this tally with your own experience? Twitter’s share remains below 3% and Google + doesnt even make the top ten of social networks at the moment. More here from the Daily Telegraph. Facebook’s share of UK social networking declines
Unit 3 Micro: Prezi on Environmental Economics
This term I am teaching some environmental economics to my A2 groups. The link below provides access to a Prezi on aspects of environmental issues such as the Tragedy of the Commons and the economics of waste and pollution. I will be updating and extending the Prezi as I develop the lessons. I hope that it is useful. I will try to include as many examples as I can on European and Global issues to do with environmental issues - the beauty of a Prezi of course is the flexibility of ordering course materials and the chance to embed lots of vivid You Tube clips and images into the resource.
read more...»Revision Presentation: Economics Evaluation Skills
Here is a short revision presentation on evaluation skills for AS and A2 economics questions which we produced a couple of years ago which might still be useful for the forthcoming exams.
read more...»Exam Advice: 10 Ideas for a Better Economics Paper
Here are some thoughts on ways to improve your scores on your summer economics exam papers. They are in no particular order but I hope some of them might be useful
Ten Thoughts on Improving Your Economics Papers
Streamed presentation
PDF handout version
AS and A2 Economics - 10 Ways to Improve Evaluation
As students build their revision efforts ahead of the impending A Level Economics units, here is an updated version of my revision document on evaluation skills for AS and A2 economists…
read more...»Unit 4 Macro: Video Resources on Unemployment
This blog entry brings together a selection of recent news reports and videos covering the economics of unemployment in the UK and inother countries.
read more...»Unit 1 Micro: A World of Seven Billion People
Fergus Walsh from the BBC provides this really clear video info graphic on the expanding global population estimated to have exceeded seven billion during 2011 and forecast to rise to eight billion by 2025.
European Economics: Resources on the CAP
This blog entry will provide a regularly updated set of links to resources to the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy and attempts to reform this contentious and complex system of farm support.
Check below for suggested links
read more...»Unit 4 Macro: Human Capital and Economic Growth
In A2 macroeconomics the underlying causes of economic growth and development and constraints on both of these are covered in more depth. One of the concepts students might be familiar with is that of human capital.
I have always summarised the idea of human capital as being a measure of the overall quality of the human input available to produce goods and services in an economy. The ONS have published a new study on the value of human capital in the UK and they draw on a definition given by the OECD
read more...»What is the socially optimal level of concerts in Hyde Park?
It seems those fortunate enough to live next to Hyde Park are increasingly bothered by the negative externalities arising from the concerts put on there. This BBC article is a good illustration of the difficulties involved at arriving at a socially-optimal level of production.
Regulatory Capture at HMRC?
Is the story of HMRCs failure to collect the right amount of tax from some big businesses an example of regulatory capture? In the current example, the Public Accounts Committee has said that HM Revenue and Customs enjoyed an “unduly cosy” relationship with major companies, and their procedures have allowed rules to be ‘bent’ so that up to £25bn tax has been underpaid. Regulatory capture (an example of government failure) is what happens when regulated industries are able to gain influence over their regulator, so that instead of serving the public interest, the regulator actually supports the interest of the industry concerned. In this case, there does not seem to be one specific industry concerned (although Goldman Sachs’s underpayment of something between £8mn and £20mn comes in for particular criticism); however the situation does seem to meet the requirements defined by the Economist as “Gamekeeper turns poacher or, at least, helps poacher”.
More on the story here:
Taxman slammed over ‘cosy’ business relations
Goldman Sachs tax deal faces UK legal challenge
Great Blog to Follow - Joseph Rowntree Foundation
If you are at all interested in the latest research findings in the domains of poverty, inequality, economic and social exclusion and the social impact of government policies, the Joseph Rowntree Foundation website is highly recommended. In this particular blog the JRF provide a revealing list of things that they have found during the course of 2011 - there is some excellent background evidence here for AS and A2 students wanting data to support their work on poverty and inequality and social trends in the UK.
You can also follow the JRF on Twitter - use this link
Unit 3 Micro: Sub Normal Profits - BP Leaves the Solar Industry
British Petroleum has decided to exit the solar energy energy industry claiming that the business has become unprofitable because of excess supply and falling prices. In 2011 a number of solar firms have gone out of business including California’s Solyndra and Germany’s Solon. BP will focus instead on investing in other renewable energy sectors including wind power and biofuels.
Whilst the decision by BP to exit the industry appears significant, infact total global investment in solar power continues to rise. MidAmerican Energy Holdings owned by Warren Buffett have agreed to purchase a $2 billion solar project under development in California and a 49 percent stake in a $1.8 billion plant in Arizona.
Google Inc. and KKR & Co have announced a joint venture to pump money in four California solar power plants with total capacity of 88 megawatts. The powerful search engine business uses a huge anount of energy every year and has committed itself to large scale investment in renewable energy supplies to help power their server farms.
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Economics of Deforestation
The Human Development Report 2011 reported that deforestation is a severe problem. In the last two decades, Latin American and Sub-Saharan Africa have experienced severe forest losses, especially when compared to the rest of the world.
For economists the economic and social costs of rapid deforestation represent a telling example of the tragedy of the commons where the pursuit of individual self-interest can risk a permanent destruction of natural resources that undermines the sustainability of communities and societies for current and future generations. The United Nations calculates that deforestation and degradation is responsible for nearly 20 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions.
Will the REDD programme make a difference?
REDD stands for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries and is designed to provide financial incentives funded by advanced nations for developing countries to preserve their forests and instead invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development.
The UN estimates financial flows of up to $30bn could come from REDD and related initiatives - the scheme effectively allows rich countries to offset their carbon emissions from domestic industries and consumers by funding clean low-carbon development projects in developing countries. But it is highly controversial and opposed by many organisations such as Friends of the Earth and the World Rainforest Movement.
In this blog we have put together some web resources on the issue of deforestation - focusing on causation, consequences and also on some of the policy approaches that might work to bring about behavioural change.
Unit 3 Micro: Oligopoly and Duopoly in Bus Markets
The UK Competition Commission has published an important report into the market structure of local and regional bus services in the UK, twenty five years after the industry was deregulated and largely privatised. Coverage of the report can be found here (BBC news).
Largely as a result of a long-term process of consolidation through merger and acquisition, the UK bus industry is found to be highly concentrated with five businesses dominating the sector even though more than 1,200 businesses provides services.
The five largest operators (Arriva, FirstGroup, Go-Ahead, National Express and Stagecoach) carry 70 per cent of those passengers. The CC also found that head-to-head competition between operators is un-common and that-on average-the largest operator in an urban area runs 69 per cent of local bus services - effectively a monopoly position.
Prezi on Information Failures
Click below to open a new Prezi on aspects of information failures / gaps and market failure together with some of the interventions that might be used to address imfornation imperfections in many markets.
read more...»Unit 3 Micro: Patent Wars- A Touchy Subject for Apple
This excellent news piece from Ben Cohen at Channel 4 looks at the increasingly aggressive patent war being fought by the manufacturers of the world’s leading mobile phone and tablet devices - the most profitable products in the digital economy. “Where once the giants (Google and Apple) competed on features, they now compete on patents.”
The news feature looks in particular at the intellectual property surrounding the slide-screen technology used by millions to unlock a device. Apple claims the IP to this but a video tracked back to twenty years ago suggests that developers were already thinking of something remarkably similar long before the iPhone came into existence. Can the makers of Android defend legal claims from Apple that their IP has been infringed? And who will end up paying for the enormous legal fees and possible extra licencing costs?
read more...»
